Resources
Water treatment, explained
Short, plain-language guides from our technical team. Each one explains what a treatment chemical does, where it's used and how to choose the right one, with references you can check.
Find a guide by treatment stage
Wastewater flows through these stages in a typical industrial plant. Not every plant needs every stage. Tap a guide to learn more.
- 1
Pre-treatment
- 2
pH adjustment
- 3
Metal removal
- 4
Coagulation
- 5
Flocculation
- 6
Biological
- 7
Polishing
- 8
Disinfection
- 9
Sludge dewatering
All guides, newest first
6 October 2026 · 5 min read
What is sludge dewatering?
How filter presses, belt presses and centrifuges turn liquid sludge into cake, why polymer conditioning matters, and what to watch for.
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6 October 2026 · 6 min read
What is an oxidiser?
How oxidisers such as hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's reagent break down cyanide, toxic organics, colour and chelating agents in wastewater.
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6 October 2026 · 5 min read
What is a metal catcher?
How metal catchers pull dissolved heavy metals out of wastewater, when raising the pH isn't enough, and the Malaysian discharge limits for metals.
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6 October 2026 · 5 min read
What is activated carbon?
What activated carbon is, how it pulls dissolved chemicals out of water, what it removes, and how to choose between powder and granules.
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1 October 2026 · 5 min read
What is a disinfectant?
How chlorine disinfects water, where it's used, and what to watch for — from discharge limits and dirty water to by-products and tough parasites.
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1 October 2026 · 6 min read
What is biological treatment?
How microbes clean wastewater, what they need to stay healthy — nutrients, oxygen and the right pH — and where bacteria cultures and nutrient products fit in.
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1 October 2026 · 5 min read
What is a defoamer?
How defoamers break foam, where they're used, and how to tell when foam is a sign of a deeper problem that a defoamer won't fix.
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30 September 2026 · 6 min read
What is a flocculant?
How anionic, cationic and non-ionic polymers turn small flocs into large ones, where they're used, and practical tips for dosing them well.
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30 September 2026 · 6 min read
What is a pH adjuster?
What pH really measures, why it matters for discharge limits, coagulation and biological treatment, and how to choose between caustic soda, soda ash and acids.
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30 September 2026 · 6 min read
What is a coagulant?
Why fine particles won't settle on their own, how a coagulant fixes that, and how to choose the right one for your plant. Includes Malaysia's full Standard A and B discharge limits.
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